In addition, this ability to rewrite genetic information at will is very useful in understanding the functions of genes in all living organisms. This means that it may be possible to treat these diseases by restoring mutations to their original DNA sequences. These changes, called mutations, disrupt the functions of cells and induce diseases such as cancer. However, external stimuli such as UV irradiation and oxidative stress, as well as internal stimuli, such as replication errors, can alter nucleotide sequences. Genes are sequences of nucleotides that encode ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins. This genetic information, subdivided into functional units called genes, is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a polymeric molecule composed of four types of nucleotides. Introduction All living organisms possess genetic information, which provides instructions for their development, function, and reproduction. Accordingly, these topics are also reviewed. Recently, new CRISPR-Cas techniques, such as base and prime editing and anti-CRISPR proteins, have attracted considerable interest. We provide examples in which genome editing tools have been applied to various tasks. In the last two decades, genome editing tools have been applied in basic sciences, the bio-industry, and therapeutics. Here, we review the history of genome editing and improvements in genome editing tools.
Subsequently, many researchers tried to develop methods to edit specific genes. Although a decade has passed since the initial use of CRISPR with mammalian cells, the first attempts at gene editing occurred in the 1980's. Genome editing had a long history before the appearance of CRISPR.
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